To address the impacts introduced by the aforementioned transmission line issues, we discuss methods for controlling these effects from the following perspectives. 1. Strictly Control the Routing Length of Critical Netlines If the...
Based on the definition of the transmission line model outlined in the preceding article, transmission lines introduce the following effects into the overall circuit design: Reflected signals Delay and timing errors False swit...
The manufacturing processes for rigid and flexible PCBs are broadly similar, both involving steps like substrate material lamination and circuit pattern etching. However, they exhibit significant differences in flexibility, adaptability...
1. What is a multilayer PCB stackup? Typically, when designing standard single- or double-sided boards, PCB stackup considerations are unnecessary. One usually selects laminates with copper thickness and board thickness meeting desig...
I. Signal Integrity (SI): Critical Issues and Optimization Pathways The primary concern in high-speed PCB design is signal integrity, particularly when frequencies exceed hundreds of MHz. Signal reflections, crosstalk, and attenuatio...
With the massive increase in system design complexity and integration, electronic system designers are now working on circuits operating above 100MHz. Bus operating frequencies have reached or exceeded 50MHz, with some even surpassing 1...
